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“I wonder why the company hired him. He is not capable in this job, …?” The correct answer to complete this sentence is …

If I had studied, I … the exams.

Production staff whose client asks for service during the leave period …

This question is marked in bold.
A fuel truck lost control while speeding … the Mangunraharjo Street, Surabaya, and suffered serious accident. The truck … a motorcycle that came from the opposite direction and burned. A pedestrian who saw the incident said that the fuel truck was seen speeding then … swerved … and hit a motorcyclist who came from the front.

This incident made the motorcycle rider was killed instantly after being hit by the truck while the truck driver … serious injuries to the chest and head.

The suitable word to fill in the blank is …

This question is marked in bold.
“We think that sleep is a … of the body trying to conserve energy in a setting where energetic levels are … down. Our findings suggest that if you … to fast for a day, we would predict you might get … because your energetic stores … be depleted,” said study co-author David Raizen, MD, PhD, an associate professor of Neurology and member of the Chronobiology and Sleep Institute at Penn.

This question is marked in bold.
Since 2008, Barrack Obama … president of the United States of America. He is a historic figure primarily because he is the first African American to hold the position of president. … policies have gained … many supporters, as well as many detractors. He is possibly one of the most divisive presidents to govern the country in the history of the United States. Obama is a … of the Democratic Party with his presidency coming … the controversial George W. Bush left office.

This question is marked in bold.
During Southeast Asia’s dry season, farmers in Indonesia and other countries clear land using fire, often for palm and wood pulp plantations, with flames frequently raging out of control to produce a choking haze that spreads across the region. An El Nino weather pattern this year …  the annual dry spell, aggravating the impact of the fires, with the number of hot spots at the highest since devastating blazes in 2015.

Biomass burning, such as the slash-and-burn clearing of land in Indonesia, sends … burned carbon aloft into the atmosphere, resulting in a smoky haze. This organic carbon contains a substantial portion of fine particles known as PM2.5, which can have a major detrimental impact on health and climate. Fires in partially decayed … vegetation called peat are of particular concern because they can be difficult to extinguish due to the depth and organic density of the soil. Some peat fires can burn for months or even years. Peaty soil is particularly flammable when dry, often causing fires to spread beyond intended areas. The fires are set to … vegetation … end up scorching roots and the soil itself. Compared to the last regional haze crisis in September 2015, there appear to be more widespread PM2.5 particles in the atmosphere this year. In 2015, smaller pockets of PM2.5 were present in the air, according to the data.

The suitable word to fill out the blank is …

This question is marked in bold.
The European Union is an organization of 27 … Its original aim was only to form an economic union … as time went on, the EU developed into a far greater organization. Today the EU is developing into a political union and … to bring together the democratic countries of Europe. It is the … trading bloc in the world, has more people than the United States and exports and imports …goods than any other country in the world.

This question is marked in bold.
David Butler is … taxi driver from Liverpool …, the police came to Mr. Butler’s house.

This question is marked in bold.
London (CNN) A fire has … out at Japan’s Shuri Castle on the island of Okinawa, local police told CNN on Wednesday. People in the area … being evacuated, said a police spokesperson, though it is unclear how many … there are or how big the fire is. The main building of the Shuri Castle is seen … fire in Naha, Okinawa prefecture, southern Japan, early 31 October 2019. The castle was … destroyed during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945, and reconstruction work was only completed in the early 1990s.

She has … her savings to cover costs such as insurance and boat permits.

She has … her savings to cover costs such as insurance and boat permits.

Susi: What a nice nail arts! Did you make it yourself?
Sari: No, I got it made

The underlined sentences means…

… succed, you have to study harder.

This question is marked in bold.
Dear Chris,
I was … to hear that you … the first winner of the … contest. Please … my warmest congratulation ! I know you have tried the best. So, you deserve to be the champion. I really …of you.

Your best friend,
James

This question is marked in bold.
The energy value of food is usually … in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat … is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day … It depends on the activity which the people are involved …. For example; people will need more calories for standing … for sitting, etc.

This question is marked in bold.
Dec 26, 2004, was a day that I will never forget. It was the day I experienced my first earthquake. l had just … home from mosque and was lying on the living room sofa watching the news on TV. My little brother was in my room playing, and my older sister was in the kitchen preparing our breakfast. Our parents were still sleeping.

At exactly 3.08 a.m., the earthquake … my country. Our house started … violently as it … a small wooden boat being tossed by giant waves in the ocean. At first, none realized what was happening. Then my sister yelled, “Earthquake! Get under something!” I was too stunned to move, but the shaking was so strong that I soon fell off the sofa onto the floor. I half rolled, half crawled across the floor to the dining table and got under it. My sister was sitting on the floor kitchen, holding her arms … her head to protect it from falling dishes. She yelled at my little brother to get under his desk, but he wanted to be near us. He tried to get out of my room, but he kept falling down. The earthquake lasted less than a minute, but it seemed like a year to us.

This question is marked in bold.
Eka Kurniawan’s … acclaimed contemporary literature classic Cantik Itu Luka (Beauty is a Wound) continues to make rounds worldwide as Annie Tucker’s English translation of the novel was recently recognized by literary website Literary Hub as “one of the best translated … of the decade”. On a list titled “The 10 Best Translated Novels of the Decade”, Literary Hub deputy editor Emily Firetog … Tucker’s English translation of Cantik Itu Luka – … in 2015 – for its ability to amplify Eka’s … literary voice and authorial intention without robbing the novel of its essence.

This question is marked in bold.
Taman Safari Indonesia Group announced on Monday that it … all its parks … Taman Safari Bogor in West Java, Taman Safari Prigen in East Java, Bali Safari Park in Bali … Batang Dolphins Center in Central Java, until April 3. During the … , all parks will … deep cleaning and be disinfected.

This question is marked in bold.
Eka Kurniawan’s … acclaimed contemporary literature classic Cantik Itu Luka (Beauty is a Wound) continues to make rounds worldwide as Annie Tucker’s English translation of the novel was recently recognized by literary website Literary Hub as “one of the best translated … of the decade”. On a list titled “The 10 Best Translated Novels of the Decade”, Literary Hub deputy editor Emily Firetog … Tucker’s English translation of Cantik Itu Luka – … in 2015 – for its ability to amplify Eka’s … literary voice and authorial intention without robbing the novel of its essence.

Aromatic candles are (A) good for your mental health, they (B) are not only giving (C) good smell also (D) spreading positive vibes at your home.

He (A) is an introvert and (B) doesn’t have so much (C) friends to talk to (D).

The two victims (A) were found death (B) with stab wounds over their bodies (C) near the paddy field by the owner of the field (D). The police are now on the hunt for the murder suspects.

Goodness is (A) expressed through (B) lovingkindness, generous (C) of spirit and deed, and the thoughtful consideration of others (D).

They have (A) met (B) once before (C) they left (D) each other.

Fungus (A)  are eukaryotic organisms (B) ; i.e., their cells contain (C) membrane-bound (D) organelles and clearly (E) defined nuclei.

I asked (A) her to fill out (B) the form of registration in (C) the other day (D).

As informed (A), the students will have a quiz (B) next week, and they will have thirty minute (C) to finish (D) the quiz.

Mathematics is a tool (A) that can help solve problems (B) and lead to new developments in (C) other fields, such as space flight, medical (D), and architecture.

The (A) BABY-G team joined (B) the competition after won (C) first place at the 2019 National Cheerleading Championships held (B) in late April in Surabaya, East Java.

Mahatma Gandhi was (A) born on 2nd October 1869 at (B) India which is also the International Day (C) of Nonviolence (D).

Even if (A) you eat all those diet suplements (B), you wouldn’t (C) lose weight instantly (D).

Over four recently concluded (A) seasons, the series follow (B) the adventures and mishaps of (C) four utterly self-centered characters on their (D) quest to become decent and selfless human beings.

The primary (A) source of energy for tropical cyclones are (B) the latent heat released (C) when (D) water vapor condenses.

There was (A) a (B) very interesting information on the (C) group chat this morning about (D) the exam.

People feel uncomfortable when (A) the humidity rises (B) over 60 percent because perspiration cannot evaporate quickly enough (C) for the body to rid themselves (D) of excess heat.

We are (A) pleased to informing (B) you that your daughter, Santi has (C) successfully completed (D) the second year of junior high school.

I have been studied (A) english for eight-years (B) but I (C) still have a lot to learn (D).

Jamu has (A) been enjoying (B) an increase in popularity among people which (C) seek to maintain their (D) health amid the COVID-19 outbreak.

The two victims (A) were found death (B) with stab wounds over their bodies (C) near the paddy field by the owner of the field (D). The police are now on the hunt for the murder suspects.

Taufik Hidayat (born 10th August 1981 in Bandung, West Java) is a retired Indonesian badminton player. He is a former World and olympics Champion in men’s singles. He has also won the Indonesian Open six times ( 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003,2004 and 2006). When he was young, he joined the SGS Club, a club badminton in Bandung, where he was trained under lie Sumirat.

Hidayat won the men’s single’s competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics. In August 2005, he won the men’s single’s competition at the IBF World Championships. He also won the gold medal at the Asian Games twice, at Busan 2002 and Doha 2006. He maried Agum Gumelar’s daughter, Ami Gumelar, in 2006. In August they were blessed with a daughter, Natarin Alika Hidayat. A few day after Alika was born, he left for the capital of Malaysia, to attend the planet Championships.

Hidayat main qualities are his backhand is perhaps most famous for his backhand smash, revered for its unusually high generation of power), forehand jump smash, drop shot (reverse slice particular), smooth footwork and deceiving net play. Hidyat’s forehand jump smash in the 2006 World Championships is currently the fastest smash record the single’s competition. He recorded a 305 km/h in a match againts Ng Wei.

The main idea of the last paragraph is …

On May 24 2018, the United Nations (UN) Security Council unanimously passed a resolution condemning the use of food insecurity and starvation as a tactic of war. It was the first time the Council had ever addressed the issue, acknowledging a threat to the lives of tens of millions of people. Aimed at countries currently engaged in international or civil wars, the resolution implores all parties to leave food stocks, farms, markets, and other distribution mechanisms intact. It demands parties in conflict permit humanitarian aid workers unimpeded access to populations in dire need and states that “using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare may constitute a war crime.”

Ending hunger and extreme food insecurity features among the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, adopted in 2015. Worldwide, the number of hungry and malnourished people had been declining for at least two decades but began rising after 2015. Experts believe conflicts and wars, along with weather events associated with climate change, are the main reasons for this setback. Among the 815 million people suffering from chronic malnutrition in 2016, 60 percent lived in areas affected by armed conflict.

Wars are inherently violent and harmful, but destruction of resources can sometimes create more catastrophic harm than bombs and bullets. Warring parties may plunder an enemy’s food supply, deliberately destroying farms, livestock, and other civilian infrastructure. Conflict can cause food shortages and the severe disruption of economic activities, threatening the means of survival of entire populations. Additionally, wars commonly trigger the displacement of huge numbers of people, cutting them off from their food supplies and livelihoods. Refugees are often vulnerable to acute food insecurity as well as disease. Alternately, if people remain in their homes, surrounding armies can trap people inside a village, city, or neighborhood and deprive them of food, medicine, and other vital resources until they surrender. Many conflict zones desperately need humanitarian aid, but increasingly, one or both parties in a conflict may block relief operations from reaching starving populations or even carry out attacks against humanitarian organizations. (https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/hunger-and-war)

What does this passage imply regarding the cause of the setback in 2015?

Stand-up comedians have long joked that some things,like actual components of chicken nuggets, are better left mysterious.

Recently, Mississippi research found out why two nuggets they examined consisted of 50 percent or less chicken muscle tissue, not the breast or thigh meat that comes to mind when a costumers thinks of “chicken”. The nuggets came from two national fast food chains. The three researchers selected one nugget from each box, preserved, dissected and stained the nuggets, than look up at them under a microscope. The first nugget was about half muscle, with the rest a mix of fat, blood vessels and nerves. The second nugget was only 40 percent muscle, and the reminder was fat, cartilage and pieces of bone.

“We all know white chicken meat to be one of the best sources of lean protein available and encourage our patients to eat it,” says Dr. Richard deShazo of the University of Mississippi Medical Centre. “What happened is that some companies have chosen to use an artificial mixture of chicken parts rather than low -fat chicken white meat, better it up and fry it and still call it chicken,” he adds. It is really a chicken by -product high in calories, salt, sugar, and fat that is a very unhealthy choice. Even worse, it taste great and kids love it and its marketed to them.

The nuggets he examined would be okay to eat occasionally, but he worries that since they are cheap, convenient and tasty, kids eat them often. His own grandchildren “beg” for chicken nuggets all the time, and he compromises by making them at home by pan-frying chicken breasts with a small amount of oil, says deShazo.

“Chicken nuggets are an excellent source of protein, especially for kids who might be picky eaters.” Says Ashley Peterson, vice president of scientific and regulatory affairs for the National Chicken Council (NCC), a non profit trade group representing the US chicken industry. “This study evaluates only two chicken nugget sample out of the billion of chicken nuggets that are made every years,” says Peterson. A sample size of two nuggets is simply too small to generalize to an entire category of food, she says.

The NCC vice president, Ashley Peterson, argued against the result the Mississippi research on chicken nuggets because …

Text 1
As the world moves fast towards renewable sources of energy, engineers are facing a big challenge. How can we store electricity to be used at times when the wind is not blowing and the sun is not shining?

We can start with gravity which is the most abundant source of power on Earth. It is everywhere…. literally everywhere. It’s always been everywhere, since the beginning of time. Nobody knew about it until around 1700, when Isaac Newton saw an apple fall from a tree in his garden. Newton asked himself the question: “Why did that apple fall to the ground?” And he soon worked out the answer.

Everything will fall to the ground if it can do so, because there is a massive force that pulls things towards the centre of the earth. Newton decided to call this force “gravity”, a word that then just meant “weight”.

Engineers have used gravity as a source of power for centuries, long before Newton first explained it. In particular they used gravity to move water from one place to another, to irrigate fields and bring water to cities. They knew that water would flow downhill, but never uphill, so they built structures, such as Roman aqueducts, to use the force of gravity most effectively.

In 1907 , engineers in Switzerland first used gravity for a new purpose: to store energy. Applying the principle that “What goes up must come down”, they used surplus hydroelectric power to pump water up a hill, where they stored it in a lake. Then when they needed more electricity, they let the water come back down the hill, driving electric turbines as it fell. The idea was just so simple, and it is now used in many parts of the world. However the problem is that “pumped storage” hydro schemes can’t be built just anywhere, as they need lots of water and big hills or mountains. (https://linguapress.com/intermediate/storing-electricity.htm)

Text 2
A more recent idea adapts the principle of pumped storage so that it can be used almost anywhere in the world. Instead of water and a mountain, some modern gravity systems use water, or big blocks of concrete, and a tower. A tower can be built anywhere, such as beside a solar farm where it can produce electricity when the sun is not shining. During the day some of the sun’s energy is used to lift a heavy weight to the top of the tower; then during the night, the weight comes slowly back down to the ground, driving electric generators as it falls.

The system is so simple, and it’s also very green. It does not use chemicals or rare metals, and towers can be built anywhere. Experts think that energy storage towers will last for 50 years or more while batteries only last for a few years. Another idea that is being developed is to use old coal mines. There are old coal mines with big vertical shafts all over the world; there are mines with shafts that are over 1000 metres deep.

Some experts believe that gravity systems are the cheapest way to store electricity. Gravity-stored electricity is maybe half the price of battery-stored electricity, but even so it is not cheap; in order to make gravity more effective, we would need to increase its force – and that, of course, is quite impossible.

Yet gravity is not the only way of storing energy, and engineers are working on systems that store it using water pressure or compressed air and even sand! Norwegian engineers have built a system using the pressure that exists deep in the ocean and in Italy there are plans to store energy using compressed CO2 in cylinders at the bottom of the sea. Doing things very differently, the town of Kankaanpää In Finland has started storing energy in 100 tons of hot sand. This could perhaps be the cheapest and easiest solution of all, because sand is very cheap and easy to transport.

Storage is one of the big scientific challenges of our time, as storage is the essential partner of wind power and solar power. We need clean electricity 24 hours a day, not just when the sun is shining or the wind is blowing. (https://linguapress.com/intermediate/storing-electricity.htm)

According to text 1, what is the major limitation of “pumped storage” hydro schemes?

When I travel solo I prefer to stay in hostels; I like the central locations, social atmospheres, and of course budget prices. Of course not every hostel serves, especially when it comes to social atmosphere, but the ones in Portugal did. I stayed in three different hostels throughout my trip and each one went above and beyond the normal common room and pub crawl/ city tour offerings.

Two of the hostels I stayed in offered family style dinners every night. You just needed to sign up in the morning, pay 8-10 euro, and you got a full, three course meal with wine, beer, or even sangria. As can be expected, this was a hit with everyone which made for big, social, dinners of home cooked food. A really nice change from eating alone, especially for me celebrating Canadian Thanksgiving.

While hostel dinners weren’t an option everywhere I went, there was always some sort of nightly group activity to get everyone together. At Lookout Lisbon! Hostel in Lisbon, each evening brought something new, whether it be trivia with port wine, or a sangria party. It made it really easy to meet other travellers and make friends. Another great recommendation is Big Chill Hostel in Lagos.

Not to mention, all the hostels I stayed at were super clean, spacious, and friendly. I don’t know if I just got really lucky, but from my experience, Portugal’s hostel game was on point. (eatsleepbreathetravel.com)

“.., especially when it comes to social atmosphere, but the ones in Portugal did” (Paragraph 1)

The underlined word means …

A forgotten issue in urbanism is land use during the night time, with problems such as noise and dirt, which could be improved with information from Twitter. At least this is what Enrique and Vanessa Frias Martinez believe, computer science researchers at Telephonic Research and the University of Maryland (USA) respectively, who have suggested using delocalized tweets for urban planning and land use.

Enrique Frias Martinez explained that delocalized tweets can be very useful source of information for planning since it is an activity carried out by a large number of people who provide information on where they are at a specific time and what they are doing. The researcher points out that thanks to the increased use of smartphones, social networks like Twitter and Facebook have made it possible to access and produce information ubiquitously.

These networks generate tags with the event’s relocation. The new technique “automatically determines land use in urban areas by grouping together geographical regions with similar patterns of Twitter activity,” says the researcher. Using aggregate activity of tweets, the Frias-Martinez siblings have studied land use in Manhattan, Madrid, and London. In the first two cases they identified four uses; residential, business, daytime leisure (mainly parks and tourist areas) and nightlife areas. The study has determined that, in Madrid, nighttime tweet activity is concentrated on weekends and in Manhattan, on weekdays. On the other hand, London is characterized by its tweeting activity in daytime leisure areas.

The author’s attitude of the text is …

(1) The information and communication technology revolution can be easily recognized as the latest revolution in history of mankind, impacting every facet of business, society, and life worldwide with a speed beyond imagination. The last centuries have seen a continuous evolution process, which started with industrial revolution at the end of 18th century. This revolution has its roots in the invention of the first electronic computers in the 1940s, continued with the development of information technology during following decades and exploded in the early 1990s. In the 1960s and 1970s, computer technology was mainly utilized in business data processing and scientific applications of a mostly number crunching nature. As a result, the use of this technology was limited to those who had a good command of these systems and computer programming languages. With the invention of micro- processors a new idea of distributed information established itself and computers became available on a personal basis. The contemporary development of networking both on a local and a wide area (LAN and WAN) merged computer and information technology with telecommunication. In 1980s the matching of the two technologies led to the information communication technology, with a strong focus on the management and dissemination of information by both providers and users.

(2) The most noticeable explosion in the information and communication technology revolution was the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) and its potential in the early 1990s. During the past two decades, WWW technologies have become the driving force in allowing people worldwide to communicate and exchange information in ways that have created a totally new dimension for mankind, at such a point that “global villages” are the words today better describing our planet. In recent years, through the use of web-enabled technologies, organizations of all types and sizes around the world have managed to utilize these technologies to conduct both information processing and dissemination with their perspective customers, suppliers, students, and governments. These technologies, now allowing readily available information for everyone regardless of their geographic location. bring the true meaning of the information age to its full realization and prepare a new era for mankind; the knowledge society.

(3) In recent years, the science of understanding the nature of information processing and management combined with computer and telecommunication technologies to process, disseminate, and manage information has become known as “information and communication science and technology. It has many resources and components and originated many new disciplines but, what is more, it intervenes in changing mankind’s habits and lifestyle.

The purpose of the text is to…

The Chernobyl disaster (also called the Chornobyl disaster) was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union. It is one of only two nuclear energy accidents rated at seven—the maximum severity—on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the other being the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. The initial emergency response, together with later decontamination of the environment, involved more than 500,000 personnel and cost an estimated 18 billion roubles—roughly US$68 billion in 2019, adjusted for inflation.

Following the disaster, Pripyat was replaced by the new purpose-built city of Slavutych. The USSR built the protective Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus by December 1986. It reduced the spread of radioactive contamination from the wreckage and protected it from weathering. The confinement shelter also provided radiological protection for the crews of the undamaged reactors at the site, which were restarted in late 1986 and 1987. However, this containment structure was only intended to last for 30 years, and required considerable reinforcement in the early 2000s. The Shelter was supplemented in 2017 by the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement which was constructed around the old structure. This larger enclosure aims to enable the removal of both the sarcophagus and the reactor debris while containing the radioactive materials inside. Clean-up is scheduled for completion by 2065.

“It reduced the spread of radioactive contamination….” (line 10)

The underlined word refers to …

(1) Edward Patrick Eagan was born on April 26,1987, in Denver, Colorado, and his father died in a railod accident when Eagan was only a year old. He and his four brothers were raised by his mother, who earned a small income from teaching foreign languages.

(2) Inspired by Frank Merriwell, the hero of a series of popular novels for boys, Eagan pursued an education for himself as well as an interest in boxing. He attended the University of Denver for a year before serving in the U.S. Army as an artillery lieutenant during World War I. After the war, he entered Yale University and while studying there, won the U.S. national amateur heavyweight boxing title. He graduated from Yale in 1921, attended Harvard Law School, and received a Rhodes scholarship to the University of Oxford where he received his A.M. in 1928.

(3) While studying at Oxford, Eagan become the first American to win the British amateur boxing championship. Eagan won his first Olympic gold medal as a light heavyweight boxer at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium. Eagan also fought at the 1924 Olympics in Paris as heavyweight but failed to get a medal. Though he has taken up the sport just three weeks before the competition, he managed to win a second gold medal as a member of the four-man bobsled team at the 1932 Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. Thus he became the only athlete to win gold medals at both the Summer and Winter Olympics.

(4) Eagan was a member of the first game of athletes inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 1983. Eagan became a respected attorney, serving as an assistant district attorney for southern New York and as chairman of the New York State Athietic Commission (1945- 1951). He married soap heiress Margaret Coigate and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel during World War II.

According to the passage, Eagan won all of the following Except…

Mecca is Islam’s holiest city, home to the Kaaba Shrine and the Grand Mosque. The city is known for the annual Hajj pilgrimage, being one of the five pillars of Islam. In the 7th century, the Islamic Prophet, Muhammad, proclaimed Islam in the city. The city played an important role in the early history of Islam and now it becomes trading center. After 966, Mecca was led by local Sharifs, until 1924, when it came under the rule of the Saudis. In its modern period, Mecca has seen a great expansion in size infrastructure.

The modern city is located in the capital of Saudi Arabia’s Makkah Province, in the historic Hejaz region. With a population of 1, 700, 000 (2008), the city is located 73 kilometers (45 miles) inland from Jeddah, in a narrow valley and 277 meters (910 feet) above sea level.

What is the text about?

on verbal communication is defined as communication between people by means other than speech. Non verbal communication (NVC) derived from one following major sources : eye contact (amount looking at another person’s body and face), mouth(especially smiling or grimacing in relation to eye contact), posture (for example, sitting forwards of backward), gesture (as with the use of arm movements when talking), orientation of the body to the to the address, body distance (as when we stand to close or too far away from others, smell (including perfumes), skin( including pigmentation, blushing and texture) hair (including length, texture and style), clothes ( with particular references to fashion).

Non-verbal communication is no quite the same as body language because any claim about a language must refer to an agreed and identifiable grammar and syntax. NVC is not always so precise or advanced: the vocabulary of non verbal sign is more limited than speech. Even so, it is a mistake to consider NVC as isolated from speech . instead some complex interaction envisaged between word and body signal and one is not always complementary. Imagine yourself interviewing job applicants. You might not offer employment to a candidate who refuses to look at you, always frowns, hunches both shoulders, sweats a lot and has a Mohican haircutdespite the fact that he or she gives thoughtful and interesting replies to your questions.

(eyes) can be a sign of linking but prolonged gaze leads to discomfort. The directed eye contact victims a code of looking, where eye contact is frequently broken but returned to and leads to depersonalization of the victim because an aggressor deliberately breaks the rules which the victim address to. Eye contact is often enhanced by size of pupils, eyebrow inflection and movement, and smiling.

It can be inferred from the text verbal and non-verbal communication …

The Galapagos Islands are in the Pacific Ocean, off the western coast of South America. They are a rocky, lonely spot, but they are also one of the most unusual places in the world. One reason is that they are the home of some of the last giant tortoises left on earth.

Weighing hundreds of pounds, these tortoises, or land turtles, wander slowly around the rocks and sand of the islands. Strangely, each of these islands has its own particular kinds of tortoises. There are seven different kinds of tortoises on the eight islands, each kind being slightly different from the other. Hundreds of years ago, thousands of tortoises wandered around these islands. However, all that changed when people started landing there. When people first arrived in 1535, their ships had no refrigerators. This meant that fresh food was always a problem for the sailors on board. The giant tortoises provided an easy solution to this problem.

Ships would anchor off the islands, and crews would row ashore and seize as many tortoises as they could. Once the animals were aboard the ship, the sailors would roll the tortoises onto their backs. The tortoises were completely helpless once on their backs, so they could only lie there until used for soups and stews. Almost 100,000 tortoises were carried off in this way. The tortoises faced other problems, too. Soon after the first ships, settlers arrived, bringing pigs, goats, donkeys, dogs and cats. All of these animals ruined life for the tortoises. Donkeys and goats ate all the plants that the tortoises usually fed on, while the pigs, dogs and cats consumed thousands of baby tortoises each year. Within a few years, it was hard to find any tortoise eggs-or even any baby tortoises.

By the early 1900 s, people began to worry that the last of the tortoises would soon die out. No one, however, seemed to care enough to do anything about the problem. More and more tortoises disappeared, even though sailors no longer needed them for food. For another 50 years, this situation continued. Finally, in the 1950 s, scientists decided that something must be done.

The first part of their plan was to remove as many cats, dogs and other animals as they could from the islands. Next, they tried to make sure that more baby tortoises would be born. To do this, they started looking for wild tortoise eggs. They gathered the eggs and put them in safe containers. When the eggs hatched, the scientists raised the tortoises in special pens. Both the eggs and tortoises were numbered so that the scientists knew exactly which kinds of tortoises they had and which island they came from. Once the tortoises were old enough and big enough to take care of themselves, the scientists took them back to their islands and set them loose. This slow, hard work continues today, and, thanks to it, the number of tortoises is now increasing every year. Perhaps these wonderful animals will not disappear after all.

In the last paragraph, what does the word “their” refer to?

Archeologists have long speculated that Stonehenge, the prehistoric stone circle in Wiltshire, England, was a sort of astronomical calendar because of its perfect alignment with the midsummer and midwinter solstices. However, they have struggled to determine how the calendar worked. Now, Professor Timothy Darvill of Bournemouth University in the UK, may have finally solved the mystery. The expert believes the 5,000-yearold neolithic monument served as a solar calendar for the local residents.

“It’s a perpetual calendar that recalibrates every winter solstice sunset,” Darvill says. “This would have enabled the ancient people who lived near the monument in what is now Wiltshire, UK, to keep track of days and months of the year.”

Darvill’s quest to find the monument’s true purpose began in 2020 after a new study revealed that most of the sarsen stones — the rocks found at Stonehenge — were from the same local quarry. They were also taken and set up at Stonehenge at the same time. The expert says this indicated they served a common cause.

To find out what that could be, Darvill turned to the monument’s arrangement for clues. Stonehenge’s outer circle originally comprised 30 large sarsen stones linked together by 30 stone crossbars, or lintels. Darvill believes they represented the 30 days of the month. The researcher further theorizes that the five sets of trilithons — pairs of large vertical stones each with a horizontal stone atop — that lie within the Sarsen Circle, represent five additional days. The archeologist further asserts that the four so-called “station stones” outside the sarsen circle served as a reminder to add a leap day every four years.

“Thirty, 5, and 4 are interesting numbers in a calendrical kind of sense,” says Darvill. “Those 30 uprights around the main sarsen ring at Stonehenge would fit very nicely as days of the month. Multiply that by 12, and you get 360, add on another 5 from the central trilithons, you get 365.”

Darvill, who published his findings in the journal Antiquities on March 2, 2022, is unsure why the ancient people decided to develop a solar calendar. He thinks they may have gotten the idea from the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, who also created solar calendars during that time. It is also possible that they embarked on the initiative on their own. (https://www.dogonews.com/2022/3/23/stonehenge-may-have-served-as-a-solar-calendar)

According to the text, which of the following is NOT TRUE about Stonehenge’s arrangements?

Having a dog helps a child learn how to act responsibly. As a dog owner, the child must take care of the animal’s daily needs. The dog must be fed and exercised every day. A dog is completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for good health and a safe environment. Therefore, being responsible for a dog also means taking care of the dog so that it stays healthy. Furthermore, the owner must take responsibility for the safety of the dog and the safety of the people it comes into contact with. If the child forgets any of these duties and responsibilities, or ignores any of the dog’s needs, the dog will suffer. This teaches the child that his responsibility to the dog is more important than his desire to play with his toys, talk on the phone, or watch TV. This is true not only for the care of a dog, but also for the care of oneself, another person, or one’s job. Learning how to take responsibility for the health and welfare of a dog leads to learning how to take responsibility for oneself.

Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. Empathy is the ability to put oneself in another person’s, or in this case another creature’s, situation and imagine that person’s or creature’s feelings or problems. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn how to interpret its behaviour. The child must learn to understand what the dog’s behaviour means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog’s mind. Understanding a situation from the dog’s perspective helps the child understand why the dog is behaving in a certain way and what the dog needs. The result of learning to read a dog’s behaviour is that the child develops empathy. By learning how to empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person.

“This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person.”
The underlined word refers to …

(1) That placebos can cure everything from dandruff to leprosy is well known. They have a long history of use by witch doctors. faith healers, and even modem physicians, all of whom refuse to admit their efficacy Modern distribution techniques can bring this most potent of medicines to the aid of everyone, not just those lucky enough to receive placebos in a medical testing program.

(2) Every drug tested would prove effective if special steps were not taken to neutralize the placebo effect. This is why drug tests give half the patients the new medication and half a harmless substitute These tests prove the value of placebos because approximately five percent of the patients taking them are cured even though the placebos are made from substances that have been carefully selected to be useless.

(3) Most people feel that the lucky patients in a drug test get the experimental drug because the real drug provides them a chance to be cured. Yet analysis shows that patients getting the placebo may be the lucky ones because they may be cured without risking any adverse effects the new drug may have. Furthermore, the drug may well be found worthless and to have severe side effects. No harmful side effects result from placebos.

(4) Placebos regularly cure more than five percent of the patients and would cure considerably more if the doubts associated with the tests were eliminated. Cures are principally due to the patient’s faith, yet the patient must have doubts knowing that he may or may not be given the new drug, which itself may or may not prove to be an effective drug. Since he knows the probability of being given the true drug is about fifty percent, the placebo cure rate would be more than doubled by removing these doubts if cures are directly related to faith.

(5) The actual curing power of placebos probably stems from the faith of the patient in the treatment. This suggests that cure rates in the ten percent range could be expected if patients are given placebos under the guise of a proven cure, even when patients know their problems are incurable. It may take a while to reach the ten percent level of cure because any newly established program will not have cultivated the word-of-mouth advertising needed to insure its success One person saying “I was told that my problem was beyond medical help, but they cured me, can direct countless people to the treatment with the required degree of faith Furthermore, when only terminal illnesses are treated, those not cured tell no one of the failure.

(6) Unfortunately, placebo treatment centers cannot operate as nonprofit businesses. The nonprofit idea was ruled out upon learning that the first rule of public medicine is never to give free medicine Public health services know that medicine not paid for by patients is often not taken or not effective because the recipient feels the medicine is worth just what it cost him. Even though the patients would not know they were taking sugar pills, the placebos cost so little that the patients would have no faith in the treatment. Therefore, though it is against higher principles, treatment centers must charge high fees for placebo treatments. This sacrifice of principles. However, is a small price to pay for the greater good of the patients.

According to the passage, the main idea of the text is …

(1) Sometimes experience in other countries can help people to understand their own identity better. Mahatma Gandhi was born in 1869 at Portandar in Western India. After studying in India, he dreamt of going to England to study. He was told that his Hindu religion did not allow voyages abroad. However, Gandhi was very determined and he finally left for England in 1887. At first, he tried to learn to behave like an English gentleman, but he soon learnt that it was better to be himself. He studied law in London, qualifying in 1891. He also learnt about other religions.

(2) He returned home to India and worked as a lawyer for two years. After some problems, he was offered a job in South Africa. Here he experienced racism as a member of the Indian community. He decided to fight for the rights of Indians using “passive resistance. He had three main beliefs, namely non-violence, religious tolerance and truth. When he finally returned to India in 1915, he became a great political leader. During the fight for independence, he was often put in prison, but his beliefs never changed.

(3) Gandhi had studied in Britain, so he understood the British better that they understood him. Gandhi’s leadership led to independence, but, on Independence Day, 15th August, 1947, Gandhi refused to celebrate. He was in favor of Hindu-Muslim unity, but Muslims and Hindus could not agree. so a separate Muslim state was formed in Pakistan. In 1948, Gandhi started fasting to death as a protest against fighting between India and Pakistan. He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic on 30th January 1948. India and Pakistan are still fighting in Kashmir today. The fight for independence was a difficult one, but not as difficult as the fight for non-violence, religious tolerance, and truth.

Mahatma Gandhi got his university degree in ….

Jessica Carl. Well, Freddie, you may not know it. But this song that you wrote saved my life. Because of your song, I’m still alive till this day. It seemed impossible at the time but you made me feel like a champion and that is priceless. All the millions of pounds you made with this song aren’t match from saving someone from suicide. As long as we sing your music you shall live forever in our hearts.

Melissa Smith. I like this song. This song seems to convey positive energy to us as listeners. But why does the vocalist often wear immodest clothes at every concert, it’s not nice to look at. Do you think it is good on you? Why don’t you wear the normal and polite clothes. Sorry but I still like the song.

Allan Souz. I knew this song when I was in middle school. My best friend, Mike, told me this song. At that time, we both lost the competition we participated in. Mike said that even though we lose, we are still champions of ourselves. Now that I hear this song it feels nostalgic. Even though now Mike is no longer beside me, no longer in this world, I just want to say that you’re a champion, Mike.

Ray Raynold. I didn’t know. At that moment I wanted to end my life because everything was falling apart, my life was falling apart from all sides. But suddenly I remembered your song and it raised me up. I really love and live this part of the lyrics “We’ll keep on fighting till the end” So much thanks, your song is a part of my life.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXw8Crapg7k)

Whose comments contain a critical tone?

With the release of the latest version of Google Earth, of course we are getting easier and much more interesting when learning about planets. Google New Earth is a program of free web-based applications that creates virtual earth through images taken from satellites from various parts of the world. Google Earth users can easily enlarge city blocks, forests, seas and even highways. The first version of Google Earth was released in 2005. And in recent years, Google Earth has been downloaded around 500 million times.

In the previous software version, users can only see the surface of our planet. Whereas water looks just like a dull blue surface. But Google Earth 5.0 has managed to change it.

It took two years, Google developers have worked hard to improve the program. And now it’s very possible to explore the sea and also the sky, even including the globe from the planet Mars. And also Google has added other interesting content such as photos, videos and audio clips.

With these content, Google wants to show us all, how important it is to understand the world, the ocean and how we are connected to it. (https://tutorialbahasainggris.co.id/ )

“And also Google has added other interesting content such as photos, videos and audio clips.”

What can be inferred from the text above?

Movies that tell dramatic stories about events in the past are called historical dramas, and like all dramas they involve conflicts. They can be conflicts between characters and they can also be larger historical conflicts. These larger conflicts can be wars between countries, conflicts between religious groups, uprisings against governments or monarchs, conflicts between indigenous people and those who colonize their land, or conflicts between slaves and their masters or workers and their bosses.

A popular subgenre of the historical drama is the epic. An epic is a spectacular movie that tells a long and complicated story about important historical events. Many epics have been made about the ancient worlds of Egypt and Greece and the ancient empires of Rome and China. Famous epics include 1960’s Spartacus about a slave uprising against the Roman Empire, the Academy Award-winning film Gladiator about a Roman general who’s captured by slave traders, and the 2008 epic Mongol about Genghis Khan’s rise to power in the Mongol Empire.

Until the 1960s, most American historical dramas were Westerns about European colonization of the western regions of North America in the nineteenth century. These areas belonged to indigenous Native Americans or were in Mexican states like California, Arizona and Texas. In early Westerns, Native Americans were portrayed as “savages” and Mexicans were portrayed as villains, while the Europeans who were trying to take their land were portrayed as brave heroes or victims of these savages and villains. Movies like this include Fort Apache, Red River and The Searchers—a classic Western about a group of people who are searching for a European girl who’s been kidnapped by Native Americans.

Before 1960s, most American historical drama is about …

I’m sure you know what the meaning of corruption is. Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, evem in the US. It’s just a matter of the intensity, however, that makes Jakarta the most corrupt place in Indonesia.

The survey makes me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As we all know in the Tanjung Priok Port, smuggling is no news at all in this town. Businessmen who want to minimize their tax payments will bribe the officials.

Well, I think the measures taken to overcome the problem by punshing the corruptors have been far from enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from the bad mentality.

I believe we can strat at the earliest stage in school and I think everyone should be involved in an effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinctions.

The purpose of the text is…

Netflix is an American media provider and a production company. It is popularized because of its interesting films and series that are published there. Firstly found in 1997, Netflix has become a streaming website people can subscribe to although it is not available in China, North Korea, Syria, Iran, and Crimea due to local area restrictions.

You can get thirty days of free trial with a new account. But, if you intend to keep watching free films and television programs, there are subscription options that you can choose. Netflix is not only providing American-made art but also Japanese, Korean, even Spanish as well. The films and series have an age range from children to adults, so basically everyone can stream anything easily from it.

You can watch any genre through your gadgets such as phone, tablet, laptop, and television. Watching films or binge-watching any kind of series is way more efficient and easier now. Besides worldwide genres, Netflix has its own productions, either films or series. (from: cakap.com)

“… due to local area restrictions.”

What is the opposite of the underlined word?

One day, Daisy decided to buy Donald a new hat. “Your hat is out fashion!” She said, “Come on, I’ll buy a new one.” Donald knew that Daisy was right, so she agreed to go to a hat shop. As she went in, Daisy took off his old hat, “Hey, what’s going on?” Asked Donald. “I’m taking off your old hat because it’s so ugly. We don’t want the assistant to see you wearing it, do we? Said Daisy. Donald just said, “Err…no…I mean, you’re right, we don’t.”

In fact, Donald was very found of his old hat, although he didn’t mind getting a new one if Daisy paid for us it. The trouble was this: there wasn’t any hat in the shop that Donald like. He tried many hats, but he felt that all hats looked silly on him.

The shop assistant was getting tired in serving Donald, but he took another hat and showed it to him.”What about this one, Sir? I am sure you’ll like it.” “I quite agree!” said Donald happily. Do you know why? Because the hat looked exactly the same as his old one! Poor Daisy, she wasn’t very happy, but she had to pay for the hat. She promised she would buy a new hat for Donald, didn’t she?

What is the main idea of the passage?

Wetlands are areas of land that are covered by water, or have flooded or waterlogged soils. They can have water on them either permanently or for just part of the year. Whether it’s year-round or seasonal, this period of water saturation produces hydric soils, which contain little or no oxygen. But this doesn’t mean that they are lifeless: Wetlands are full of unique water-loving plants and wildlife that have adapted to wet environments.

Wetlands can take many different forms, depending on the local climate, water conditions and land forms and features. For example, swamps are dominated by woody trees or shrubs. Marshes often have more grass-like plants, such as cattails and bulrushes. Bogs and fens are areas that accumulate peat – deposits of dead and partly decomposed plant materials that form organic-rich soil

Wetlands are important environments for many reasons. They provide ecological services whose value has been estimated to be worth more than US$47 trillion per year. For example, wetlands support very high levels of biodiversity. Scientists estimate that 40% of all species on Earth live or breed in wetlands. Wetlands are critical homes or stopovers for many species of migratory birds. In the central U.S. and Canada, for example, wetlands in the so-called prairie pothole region on the Great Plains support up to three-quarters of North America’s breeding ducks.

Along with providing important habitat for everything from microbes to frogs to waterfowl, wetlands also work to improve water quality. They can capture surface runoff from cities and farmlands and work as natural water filters, trapping excess nutrients that otherwise might create dead zones in lakes and bays. Wetlands can also help remove other pollutants and trap suspended sediments that cloud water bodies, which can kill aquatic plants and animals.

Because wetlands are often in low-lying areas of the landscape, they can store and slowly release surface water. Wetlands can be extremely important for reducing the impacts of flooding. In some places, water entering wetlands can also recharge groundwater aquifers that are important for irrigation and drinking water.

Wetlands also act as important carbon sinks. As wetland plants grow, they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. They die, sink to the bottom of the wetland and decompose very slowly. Over time, the carbon they contain accumulates in wetland soils, where it can be stored for hundreds of years. Conserving and restoring wetlands is an important strategy for regulating greenhouse gases and mitigating the impacts of climate change. (https://theconversation.com/what-is-a-wetland-an-ecologist-explains-191495)

According to the text, how can wetlands prevent flood?

As we know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents. Firstly, cars, as we know contribute the most to pullotion in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and trigger of asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.

Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads’ biggest killers.

Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate in your homework, and especially talk to someone.

In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.

What is type of the text above?

My Day

I had a terrible day yesterday. First, I woke up an hour late because my alarm clock didn’t go off. Then, I was in such a hurry that I burned my hand when I was making breakfast. After breakfast, I got dressed so quickly that I forgot to wear socks.

Next, I ran out of the house trying to get the 9:30 bus, but of course I missed it. I wanted to take a taxi, but I didn’t have enough money.

Finally, I walked the three miles to my school only to discover that it was Sunday! I hope I never have a day as the one I had yesterday.

What happened to the writer yesterday?

Social media influencers are individuals who utilize social media platforms to build their own personal brand or influence their followers to act (including buying products, supporting a brand, or vacationing in a certain location). They can share anything from clothes and beauty products to make-at-home slime with their followers. While it might seem like frivolous fun, some influencers are making significant amounts of money from their connection to their fans, making them the modern entrepreneur. While not every social media influencer is an entrepreneur, the ones who have started their own businesses from the brand they created online have much in common with traditional entrepreneurs when it comes to driving the economy.

Entrepreneurs are people who organize, manage, and take on the risks of a business. They often start a new business in response to a perceived need for a good or service. An influencer, on the other hand, is someone who has the power to affect or change people and their behavior through social media—often to get them to buy something. Influencers who start their own business certainly fall under the first part of the definition of entrepreneur, as they are managing their business and taking on risk. But are they fulfilling a need? Many say yes: companies can target highly specific groups of people through employing an influencer—groups that might be missed by traditional advertising. And because influencers form a more personal relationship with their followers, the followers are seemingly more likely to buy what the influencer suggests.

One area where entrepreneurs and influencers differ the most is in their processes of starting a business. Nearly all traditional businesses have startup costs, which go toward buying materials to create goods, equipment to manufacture items or provide a service, or office space. But entrepreneurs do not always have to put their own savings into a business. They can get venture capital, or money to start or grow a business, from outside investors, often in exchange for part ownership of the company. Influencers, on the other hand, have fewer startup costs, though it can vary by the influencer’s specialty. Beauty and fashion influencers may have to get new clothes, buy the latest makeup, and hire a professional photographer to start out, but others only need their social media accounts and a smartphone. Additionally, many of the costs that apply to starting a business do not apply to influencers, like renting office space, as many works from home. (https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/influencers-modern-entrepreneur)

It is implied in the third paragraph that entrepreneurs …

Cramming
How do you study when the test is coming? Do you start preparing for the test weeks or months before the test or leave things to the last hour? If you start studying weeks or months before the test, it is great. However, if you study all the material in the last hour or minute, it is not good for you. This is called cramming.

Cramming is when students stay up all night until morning to study before a test or finish an assignment. This habit can lead to negative impacts, the first being that disruptions in the regular sleep cycle can cause temporary intellectual lapses. For most students, less sleep can make them could not focus on the class. Additionally, cramming can leave us with memory lapses as well.

Each person has a different sleeping schedule, so some of them often use a stimulant for cramming. An example stimulant, and the most common, is coffee. While delicious and beneficial, it causes many problems in the long-term such as caffeine intoxication syndrome, anxiety, panic, and headaches.

To sum up, cramming is not recommended because it disturbs a person’s sleep cycle which causes temporary intellectual lapses, and using stimulants for cramming gives them a bad effect on their health.

Look at the following diseases.

1. Caffeine intoxication syndrome
2. Headache
3. Anxiety
4. Depression
5. Herpes

The diseases can be used by coffee is number …

A – Heinrich Beutow, a German schoolboy
My parents and I were living in a small German town in 1914. I remember everybody seemed really pleased when they heard about the declaration of war. Our teacher told us all about the war, and he was really enthusiastic that the war had started the day before. Naturally, we schoolboys were all brainwashed with great patriotism when war broke out. My father was an active army officer and I will never forget the day when German soldiers were marching out to the trains. They were all decorated with flowers. Even horses and guns were beautifully decorated. And of course all the people were following them. Bands were playing the music, flags were flying everywhere. There was a strong feeling that Germany now would go into this war and win it very quickly.

B – Charles Chabot, a British civilian living in Thailand.
When the First World War broke out in 1914, my family and I were living in Bangkok, Thailand. That night I was in a restaurant because we had just finished playing a rugby game with some German friends and we were all sitting together. We were obviously mixed up. Germans were sitting next to the English, the English were sitting next to the French and so on. Everyone was chatting around the table. Suddenly we heard a loud bang at the door. It was a courier from the French Embassy with the shocking news of the outbreak of war. None of us here had seen a declaration of war before and we didn’t know what to do. Should we now get a knife from the table and fight one another or what? After a bit of discussion we decided that for us war was going to start tomorrow not tonight, and so we just continued with our party.
C – Horace Calvert, a 14-year-old from London.
I can remember how I found out about the war. It was a lovely August morning and I was going to work for seven o’clock. As I got to the end of Richmond Road, there was a newsagent’s shop and outside there was a big poster saying that Britain had declared war on Germany the day before. Later on that day I went into central London, and outside Buckingham Palace, all the crowds were cheering outside as the King and Queen came out on the balcony. Everybody was excited. It was very patriotic. People were having a good time – they were singing ‘Rule Britannia’, ‘God Save the King’ and many other national songs. I thought it was really good that Britain had joined the war.

Horace Calvert describing the atmosphere when people heard about the declaration of war was …

Human body is made up of contless million of cells. Food is needed to build up new cells and replace the worn out. Howover, the food we take must be changed into subtances that can be carried in the blood to the places where they are needed. This process is called digestion.

The first digestive process takes places in the mouth. The food we eat is broken up into small pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with salvia containing digestive juices which moisten the food, so that it can be swallowed easily.

From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus-the food passage into the stomach. Here the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours. Then the food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular wall of intestine are squeezing, mixing, and moving the food on wards.

From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus-the food passage into the stomach. Here the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours. Then the food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular wall of intestine are squeezing, mixing, and moving the food on wards.

What is the purpose of the text?

Unlike England we have no King Canute, no King Arthur, no Robin Hood to spin tales and legends about. Instead, we have transformed John Smith and Pocahontas, the Pilgrim Fathers, and Squanto (historical figures about whom we know a great deal) into fanciful and fabulous characters.

But such has not always been the case. In the decades following the Revolution, the colonial period was an integral and important part of history.

The author implies that which of the following is the most direct result of transforming colonial history into sentimental stories?

Ord glace (glah-SAY), which means ice. Glaciers are often called “rivers of ice.” Glaciers fall into two groups: alpine glaciers and ice sheets.

Alpine glaciers form on mountainsides and move downward through valleys. Sometimes, alpine glaciers create or deepen valleys by pushing dirt, soil, and other materials out of their way. Alpine glaciers are found in high mountains of every continent except Australia (although there are many in New Zealand). The Gorner Glacier in Switzerland and the Furtwangler Glacier in Tanzania are both typical alpine glaciers. Alpine glaciers are also called valley glaciers or mountain glaciers.

d out from their centers in all directions. As ice sheets spread, they cover everything around them with a thick blanket of ice, including valleys, plains, and even entire mountains. The largest ice sheets, called continental glaciers, spread over vast areas. Today, continental glaciers cover most of Antarctica and the island of Greenland.

Massive ice sheets covered much of North America and Europe during the Pleistocene time period. This was the last glacial period, also known as the Ice Age. Ice sheets reached their greatest size about 18,000 years ago. As the ancient glaciers spread, they carved and changed the Earth’s surface, creating many of the landscapes that exist today. During the Pleistocene Ice Age, nearly one-third of the Earth’s land was covered by glaciers. Today, about one-tenth of the Earth’s land is covered by glacial ice.

Glaciers begin forming in places where more snow piles up each year than melts. Soon after falling, the snow begins to compress, or become denser and tightly packed. It slowly changes from light, fluffy crystals to hard, round ice pellets. New snow falls and buries this granular snow. The hard snow becomes even more compressed. It becomes a dense, grainy ice called firn. The process of snow compacting into glacial firn is called firnification. (https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/glacier-moving-rivers-ice)

According to the passage, what distinguishes ice sheets from alpine glaciers?

(1) High school students may improve their science grades by learning about the personal struggles and failed experiments of great scientist such as Albert Einstein and Marie Curie.

(2) In one study, 402 students from New York City high schools in low-income areas of the Bronx and Harlem were divided into three groups. The control group read an 800-word typical science and textbook description about the great accomplishments of Einstein, Curie and Michael Faraday.

(3) Another group read about those scientists’ personal struggles, including Einstein’s flight from Nazi Germany to avoid persecution as a Jew. The third group of students read about the scientists’ intellectual struggles, such as Curie’s persistence despite a string of failed experiments. The struggle stories included actions the scientist took to overcome these hurdles.

(4) Students who read about the scientist’ intellectual or personal struggles were more likely to say the famous scientist were people, like themselves, who had to overcome failure and obstacles to succeed. Students in the control group more often believed the great scientist had innate talent and a special aptitude for science.

(5) The study suggests that science textbooks should highlight the struggles of great scientists and provide more vivid narrative descriptions of the techniques that scientists used to overcome challenges. “Many kids do not see science as part of their everyday lives. We teach them important content, but we never bring it to life,” said the lead researcher Xiaodong Lin-Siegler. PhD. “Our science curriculum is impersonal, and kids have a hard time relating to it because they just see a long list of fact that they have to memorize.

The word Hurdles (paragraph 3) in the passage means …

What geologists call the Basin and Range Province in the United States roughly coincides in its northern portions with the geographic province known as the Great Basin. The Great Basin is hemmed in west by the Sierra Nevada and on the east Line by the Rocky Mountains; it has no outlet to the sea. The prevailing winds in the Great Basin are from the west. Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it crosses the Sierra Nevada. At the higher altitudes it cools and the moisture it carries is precipitated as rain or snow on the western slopes of the mountains. That which reaches the Basin is air wrung dry of moisture. What little water falls there as rain or snow, mostly in the winter months, evaporates on the broad, flat desert floors. It is, therefore, an environment in which organisms battle for survival. Along the rare watercourses, cottonwoods and willows eke out a sparse existence. In the upland ranges, pinion pines and junipers struggle to hold their own.

But the Great Basin has not always been so arid. Many of its dry, closed depressions were once filled with water. Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley were once a string of interconnected lakes. The two largest of the ancient lakes of the Great Basin were Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville. The Great Salt Lake is all that remains of the latter, and Pyramid Lake is one of the last briny remnants of the former. There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of years when water accumulated in these basins. The rise and fall of the lakes were undoubtedly linked to the advances and retreats of the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern part of the North American continent during those times. Climatic changes during the Ice Ages sometimes brought cooler, wetter weather to mid latitude deserts worldwide, including those of the Great Basin. The broken valleys of the Great Basin provided ready receptacles for this moisture. (http://www.wiki-study.com)

“Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it crosses the Sierra Nevada.“ (paragraph 1)

The word “it” refers to?

Are based on the following passage. Choose one option that best completes the blank spaces in the passages!

The present study sought to document the word reading and comprehension levels attained by children who were implanted by 5 year of age. It was hypothesized that the improved speech perception abilities acquired with cochlear implantation would promote phonological coding skills.(1) …

Three subtest from diagnostic reading assessment batteries standardized on hearing children were administered to 181 children between 8 year 0 month and 9 years 11 month of age who had 4 to 6 years of implant experience. (2) … it included a lexical decision task, a rhyme task and the digit span subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

Over half of the children scored within the average range for their age compared with the normative data for hearing children. (3) … they were higher nonverbal intelligence, higher family socio-economic status, female gender and later onset of deafness (between birth and 36 month).

Which option best completes (3)?

Penguins are a group of flightless aquatic birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, namely in Antarctica. Highly adaptive to live in the sea, penguins have countershaded dark and white feather, and their wings have evolved into flippers. Most penguins feed squid, fish, and other forms of sealife caught while they are swimming underwater. They spend about half of their lives in the oceans.

Eventhough all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they don not live only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a little species of penguin live too far south. Some species are found in the temperate area, and one species, the Galápagos penguin, lives not too far with the equator.

The vast living species is the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri): when they are adults they are about 1.1 m (3 ft7in) tall and 35 kg weight or more. The smallest one is the little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor), which is known as the fairy penguin, which stands around 40 cm height and 1 kg weight. Among the species of penguin, larger penguins live in colder regions, while smaller penguins generally inhabit tropical climates places.

Some prehistoric species of penguin attained enormous sizes, becoming as heavy as an adult human.

What is the closest meaning of the word “Emperor” in the third paragraph?

Dear all committees of Smart Competition 2018,
Invite you in last meeting of this event
On Monday, August 30, 2018
6 – 8 p.m.
AL.A.D room, third floor
for head of division, please prepare your progress on this event and for those who have idea, don’t forget to deliver it in the meeting.

Sincerely,
M Dani Auli

Where is the meeting of smart competition 2018 take place?

Seagulls live on beach. They eat small fish, bread, and seaweed. Seagulls run quickly on the sand and fly quickly in the sky. Seagulls will run or fly away if you try to catch them. There are many seagulls on the beach.

Crabs also live on the beach. They eat shrimp, ocean plants, and small fish. Crabs crawl quickly on the sand and in the ocean. Crabs will crawl away if you try to catch them. There are many crabs on the beach, but it is not always easy to see them.

Starfish live on the beach, too. They eat clams, oysters, and small fish. Starfish move slowly on the sand and in the ocean. Starfish will not move away if you try to catch them. There are few starfish on the beach.

Which animal does not move quickly?

Scientists have found fossils of animals with tails dating back hundreds of millions of years. Back then, early fish used their fanlike tails as fins to swim through oceans and escape predators. As these fish evolved into creatures that lived on the land, their tails started to change too. Whether they belong to reptiles, insects, birds or mammals, tails serve a wide variety of purposes. Modern animals use their tails for everything from balance to communication and finding mates.

Scientists believe that dinosaurs, including the Tyrannosaurus rex, swung their tails side to side to balance their heavy heads and bodies while walking on two legs. This movement allowed them to run fast enough to catch their prey. Similarly, present-day kangaroos use their tail for balance when they leap across the open land. But they don’t just use it as a counterbalance for their weight – the kangaroo’s tail also functions as a powerful third leg that can help propel them through the air

Cats and other animals that climb often have bushy or long tails that help them balance, kind of like a tightrope walker holding a long pole. Monkeys use their long tail for balance while swinging through forest tree branches. Many have prehensile, or grasping, tails that act like hands and allow them to hold onto tree limbs. These tails are so strong that they can even hold the animal up while it eats fruit and leaves.

Other animals’ tails evolved into weapons. For instance, stingrays have a trademark stinger tail they can use as a defense when a predator attacks them. Venomous rattlesnakes have buttons of dried skin on their tail that make a racket when they shake it. This warns any animals that might threaten the rattlesnake that it’s getting ready to strike.

Many insects also have tails, but they evolved separately from other animals with backbones, like fish and mammals. Most tailed insects use their tails to lay eggs or to sting and paralyze hosts or prey. In some animals, like wasps, their tails can do both, as certain parasitic wasps will lay their eggs inside a host. In the other hand, grazing animals, use their tails to swat off insects that may be bothering them. (https://theconversation.com/why-do-animals-have-tails-187575)

According to the passage, how do rattlesnakes use their tails for self-defense?

A mammoth is any species of the extinct elephantidae genus Mammuthus, one of the many genera that make up the order of trunked mammals called proboscideans. The various species of mammoths were commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair. They lived from the Pliocene epoch (from around 5 million years ago) into the Holocene at about 4,000 years ago, and various species existed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. They were members of the family Elephantidae, which also contains the two genera of modern elephants and their ancestors.

The oldest representative of Mammuthus, the South African mammoth (M. subplanifrons), appeared around 5 million years ago during the early Pliocene in what is now southern and eastern Africa. Descendant species of these mammoths moved north and continued to propagate into numerous subsequent species, eventually covering most of Eurasia before extending into the Americas at least 600,000 years ago. The last species to emerge, the woolly mammoth (M. primigenius), developed about 400,000 years ago in East Asia, with some surviving on Russia’s Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until as recently as roughly 3,700 to 4,000 years ago, still extant during the construction of the Great Pyramid of ancient Egypt. (en.wikipedia.org)

“They were members of the family Elephantidae” (Paragraph 1)

The underlined word refers to …

(1) Probably the most recognized board games around the world is the game of monopoly.

(2) In this game, players vie for wealth by buying, selling, and renting properties; the key to success in the game, in addition to a bit of luck, is for a player to acquire monopolies on clusters of properties in order to force opponents to pay exorbitant rents and fee.

(3) Although the game is now published in countless languages and versions, with foreign locations and place names appropriate to the target language adorning its board, the beginnings of the game were considerably more humble.

(4) The game was invented in 1933 by Charles Darrow, during the height of the Great Depression. (5) Darrow, who lived in Germantown, Pennsylvania, was himself unemployed during those difficult financial times.

(6) He set the original game not as might be expected in his hometown of Germantown, but in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the site of numerous pre-Depression vacations, where he walked along the Boardwalk and visited at Park Place.

(7) Darrow made the first games by hand and sold them locally until Parker Brothers purchased the rights to Monopoly in 1935 and took the first steps towards the mass production of today.

Referring to the text above, the best title of the text is …

Saya tidak ragu untuk menyuarakan ketidakpuasan saya terhadap tuntutan jadwal yang tidak realistis dari atasan.

Kemampuan saya dalam berkomunikasi jauh lebih efektif dalam kelompok kecil daripada dalam kelompok besar.

Saya tidak suka ketika peraturan atau atasan membatasi ruang lingkup kegiatan saya.

Saya memilih untuk meninggalkan ambiguitas tanpa mendefinisikan siapa yang memegang otoritas.

Saya cenderung menilai situasi berdasarkan pengalaman dan pandangan saya sendiri.

Saya menghargai hak setiap individu untuk membuat keputusan mereka sendiri tanpa campur tangan atau tekanan dari saya.

Saya merasa nyaman dalam situasi yang memerlukan pengambilan keputusan secara cepat.

Saya cenderung menunggu hingga ada permintaan atau tugas yang secara langsung terkait dengan pekerjaan saya sebelum mencoba mengusulkan solusi atau intervensi.

Saya lebih suka mengikuti metode dan pendekatan yang sudah terbukti dalam menyelesaikan sebuah tantangan pekerjaan.

Saya lebih suka mengambil pendekatan yang terlalu hati-hati terhadap perubahan dan memperhatikan batasan waktu yang realistis dalam melakukan tugas-tugas.

Saya dapat melakukan sesuatu untuk menghindari masalah yang mungkin timbul di masa depan.

Saya lebih menghargai dukungan yang diberikan oleh rekan kerja senior dibandingkan dengan dukungan dari rekan kerja junior.

Saya lebih memilih untuk menginvestasikan waktu dan sumberdaya untuk mengembangkan tim yang sudah ada daripada mencari dan merekrut anggota baru.

Saya tidak membiarkan terlalu banyak hal menghalangi pekerjaan saya.

Saya memerlukan waktu yang cukup untuk beradaptasi dengan orang-orang baru.

Saya lebih suka dengan budaya kerja yang bersifat kolaboratif dan fleksibel, di mana setiap anggota tim memiliki kesempatan untuk berkontribusi secara aktif tanpa terlalu banyak aturan atau hierarki yang mengikat.

Saya selalu menahan diri untuk tidak menuntut hak saya sebelum menjalankan kewajiban saya.

Saya selalu memprioritaskan kepentingan kolektif daripada kepentingan pribadi saya sendiri.

Saya lebih suka meninjau berbagai pendekatan dan tidak ragu untuk mencoba hal-hal baru, bahkan jika mereka berbeda dari yang pernah saya coba sebelumnya.

Saya merasa senang ketika saya bekerja secara intens.

Saya cenderung berusaha melihat gambaran besar sehingga saya dapat membuat keputusan yang lebih baik.

Saya memiliki kepribadian yang tegas dalam menyampaikan pendapat, sehingga mampu mengkomunikasikan pikiran saya dengan jelas dan lugas.

Saya lebih memilih untuk mengambil risiko daripada diam dan tidak mencoba alternatif yang mungkin berhasil.

Saya senang menginspirasi rekan kerja untuk melakukan yang terbaik dalam pekerjaan mereka.

Saya merasa tidak perlu memberikan penghargaan kepada diri sendiri atas pencapaian yang telah saya raih.

Saya merasa tertantang untuk menyesuaikan metode kerja yang telah saya kuasai selama bertahun-tahun dengan metode kerja baru.

Saya menyukai pekerjaan yang memberikan kesempatan untuk mengerjakan dari awal sampai akhir.

Saya cenderung mencoba menempatkan diri saya sebagai orang lain untuk bisa memahami apa yang dirasakan orang tersebut.

Saya merasa ragu bahwa saya bisa memenuhi semua tuntutan yang saling bertentangan dari mereka yang memiliki otoritas di atas saya.

Saya memilih untuk tidak mengungkapkan kebenaran yang bisa menyakiti perasaan orang lain atau memperburuk situasi dalam tim kerja.

Saat saya diberi tanggung jawab yang lebih besar daripada rekan kerja oleh atasan, saya merasa dipercaya lebih dalam untuk menangani tugas-tugas tersebut.

Saya tidak setuju dengan keputusan atasan dan tidak akan berkolaborasi dengan orang terpilih karena merasa tidak adil.

Saya cenderung memilih untuk memberdayakan orang baru tanpa pengalaman daripada mempertahankan orang lama yang sulit diatur.

Saya lebih memilih untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan atasan baru di lingkungan kerja yang sama daripada mencari pekerjaan baru.

Saya merasa promosi jabatan saya dapat mempengaruhi hubungan saya dengan rekan-rekan dekat.

Saya lebih suka bersaing langsung dengan rekan kerja daripada bekerja secara individu.

Saat bekerja, saya memiliki kesadaran waktu yang baik dan mudah teralihkan jika ada sesuatu yang membutuhkan perhatian saya.

Saya fokus pada kemajuan pribadi dan pengembangan diri daripada membandingkan gaji dan kompensasi dengan rekan kerja.

Saya menyukai hubungan yang dekat dengan atasan saya, dalam batasan profesionalitas.

Saya suka bertanya kepada orang lain disaat saya tidak mengerti akan suatu hal.

Saya tidak terlalu memperhatikan memberikan bantuan atau dukungan kepada rekan kerja, karena saya lebih fokus pada pencapaian pribadi dan tujuan saya sendiri.

Memiliki kenyamanan dan keamanan di tempat kerja lebih penting bagi saya daripada mengejar kepentingan pribadi.

Saya tidak pernah kesulitan mengambil keputusan penting.

Saya sering merasa cemas bahwa kinerja saya tidak akan memenuhi harapan orang lain.

Saya memiliki kemampuan untuk mengatasi kemarahan saya terhadap rekan kerja dengan efektif dan cepat.

Saya memiliki keinginan untuk selalu menunjukkan bahwa saya bisa bekerja lebih baik dibandingkan rekan kerja saya.

Saya memilih untuk menahan diri ketika saran yang saya berikan tidak diperhitungkan dalam diskusi kerja.

Saya cenderung menjadi orang yang suportif, memberi, dan menikmati kebersamaan dengan orang lain.

Saya cenderung menghindari untuk mengatakan sesuatu yang saya tahu akan menyakiti orang lain atau memperparah suatu kondisi pekerjaan dalam tim.

Saya lebih memilih mempertimbangkan pendapat rekan kerja senior daripada junior karena mereka memiliki lebih banyak pengalaman.

Saya lebih suka menyimpan pengetahuan yang saya miliki untuk diri saya sendiri.

Saya lebih memilih mendokumentasikan bukti daripada langsung konfrontasi dengan rekan kerja yang mencuri ide saya.

Saya toleran dengan kesalahan rekan kerja yang terjadi berulangkali.

Saya menikmati pekerjaan yang sulit dan menantang dimana ada hal baru yang bisa saya pelajari.

Saya tidak suka dengan pekerjaan yang mengharuskan saya untuk terisolasi dari rekan kerja.

Saya lebih memilih mendelegasikan tugas-tugas penting kepada orang lain daripada mencoba menyelesaikannya semua sendiri ketika waktu sangat terbatas.

Saya lebih memilih untuk bekerja secara mandiri ketimbang berkolaborasi dengan rekan yang sering melakukan kesalahan.

Saya lebih menyukai komunikasi tertulis daripada komunikasi lisan.